Extrapyramidal reactions and the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors

OBJECTIVE: To review the known published reports of extrapyramidal reactions (EPRs) associated with the use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). DATA SOURCES: Information was selected from a MEDLINE search (January 1990 to January 1996) of English-language medical literature. Manual searches of pertinent journal article bibliographies were also performed. DATA EXTRACTION: Appropriate information from all reports obtained was included, with specific attention directed toward patient age, gender, primary psychiatric diagnosis, total daily SSRI dosage, dosage escalation strategy, and concurrent psychotropic medications. DATA SYNTHESIS: Reports of EPRs associated with SSRI use have been accumulating in the medical literature for several years. More commonly associated with high-potency antipsychotics, EPRs can have an adverse impact on medication compliance and hospital readmissions. The proposed hypothesis for EPRs occurring with SSRI use involves serotonin's inhibitory actions on extrapyramidal dopamine activity. Other possible contributing factors include pharmacokinetic interactions or drug-disease interactions. EPRs may include dystonias, dyskinesias, akathisia, parkinsonism, exacerbations of Parkinson's disease, and possibly the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The majority of SSRI-related reactions appear to occur within the first month of treatment. Information from available case reports does not strongly support any consistent risk factor, although some worth considering may include total SSRI daily dose, rapid dose escalation strategies, increased age, female gender, concurrent psychotropics known to also precipitate EPRs, and concurrent disease states such as Parkinson's disease. Since SSRI-related EPRs have occurred in different situations with different possible contributing factors, clinical pharmacy practitioners and other healthcare providers should remain aware of these reactions and carefully consider educating and monitoring their patients accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SSRIs may be associated with the development of EPRs; therefore, appropriate monitoring should be considered for patients so that optimal pharmaceutical care may be provided.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. L Stevens Association Between Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors, Second-Generation Antipsychotics, and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Ann. Pharmacother., September 1, 2008; 42(9): 1290 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rav-Acha, H. Bergman, and Y. Yarom Pre- and Postsynaptic Serotoninergic Excitation of Globus Pallidus Neurons J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2008; 100(2): 1053 - 1066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Back and M. Taubert A case report : Akathisia and an unusual symptomatic treatment Palliative Medicine, December 1, 2007; 21(8): 713 - 715. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. P. Gruber, H.-C. Tsai, and P.-H. Kuo Diagnosing Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Chest, May 1, 2004; 125(5): 1960 - 1961. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M Arai Parkinsonism associated with a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, milnacipran J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2003; 74(1): 137 - 138. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. J. Schmitt, J. G. Ramaekers, M. J. Kruizinga, M. P. J. van Boxtel, E. F. P. M. Vuurman, and W. J. Riedel Additional dopamine reuptake inhibition attenuates vigilance impairment induced by serotonin reuptake inhibition in man J Psychopharmacol, May 1, 2002; 16(3): 207 - 214. [Abstract] [PDF]