Long-term treatment with warfarin in Chinese population

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of and risks for bleeding and thromboembolic events after warfarin anticoagulation. We also explored the dosage and international normalized ratio (INR) among Chinese patients during long-term warfarin therapy. METHODS: The population in this retrospective study consisted of inpatients of the only medical center for northern Taipei City, whose initial course of warfarin therapy continued for more than four weeks. Enrollment began in June 1995 and ended in February 1996. Follow-up was completed in March 1998. Relevant data were collected by chart review. The rate of events was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and risk factors were identified by the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: During the study period, 226 patients were identified. The total follow-up time was 248.7 patient-years. Sixty-one patients (27.0%) received anticoagulation for mechanical prosthetic valve, but their duration of therapy accounted for 48.6% of the total patient-years of follow-up. The starting dosage (mean +/- SD) was 3.4+/-1.4 mg/d (range 1.3-10); the maintenance dosage was 3.1+/-1.2 mg/d (range 1.2-7.7). There were 1060 dosing adjustments and 3398 INR measurements collected for these patients. The independent determinants of maintenance dosage were age, body weight, and indication of mechanical prosthetic valve. The INR was 1.9+/-0.5 (range 1.0-3.7). The cumulative probabilities for hemorrhage at 12, 24, and 34 months were 24.5%, 32.3%, and 38.4%, respectively. The corresponding figures for thromboembolism were 8.5%, 10.7%, and 10.7%, respectively. Three hemorrhages were fatal. After adjusting for other patient characteristics, increasing age was the only independent risk factor identified for bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Antithrombotic efficacy seemed to be maintained, although the mean INR was 1.9. Even so, the substantial incidence of bleeding, especially fatal bleeding, remains a concern. Low-intensity anticoagulation might be needed for Chinese patients during long-term warfarin therapy.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. D. Douketis, K. Arneklev, S. Z. Goldhaber, J. Spandorfer, F. Halperin, and J. Horrow Comparison of Bleeding in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Ximelagatran or Warfarin: Assessment of Incidence, Case-Fatality Rate, Time Course and Sites of Bleeding, and Risk Factors for Bleeding. Arch Intern Med, April 24, 2006; 166(8): 853 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Rettie, G. Tai, D. L. Veenstra, F. M. Farin, S. Srinouanprachan, Y. S. Lin, K. E. Thummel, and R. N. Hines CYP2C9 exon 4 mutations and warfarin dose phenotype in Asians Blood, April 1, 2003; 101(7): 2896 - 2896. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. O. Y. Tang, C. S. Lai, K. K. Lee, R. S. Wong, G. Cheng, and T. Y. Chan Relationship Between Patients' Warfarin Knowledge and Anticoagulation Control Ann. Pharmacother., January 1, 2003; 37(1): 34 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Fan, K. L. Lee, W.-H. Chow, E. Chau, and C.-P. Lau Internal Cardioversion of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation During Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy: Insight Into Reversal of Chronic Stretch-Induced Atrial Remodeling Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2746 - 2752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]