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Serotonin Syndrome Resulting from Coadministration of Tramadol, Venlafaxine, and Mirtazapine

Clinical Director of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 E. Veterans St., Tomah, WI 54660-9912, fax 608/372-1224, David.Houlihan{at}med.va.gov

Reprints: David J Houlihan MD

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of serotonin syndrome (SS) resulting from the addition of tramadol to a medication regimen of venlafaxine and mirtazapine.

CASE SUMMARY: A 47-year-old white man receiving combined mirtazapine and venlafaxine therapy for major depressive disorder developed agitation, confusion, severe shivering, diaphoresis, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, mydriasis, tachycardia, and fever on coadministration of tramadol for chronic pain. An objective causality assessment revealed that the addition of tramadol was the probable cause of the adverse reaction.

DISCUSSION: SS is a potentially fatal iatrogenic complication of serotonergic polypharmacy. Considered idiopathic in presentation, it typically appears after initiation or dose escalation of the offending agent to a regimen including other serotonergic agents. All drugs that directly or indirectly increase central serotonin neurotransmission at postsynaptic 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_2A receptors can produce SS. Individual vulnerability appears to play a role in the development of SS. It is likely that the activation of 5-HT_1A receptors by mirtazapine, the combined serotonin reuptake inhibition by venlafaxine and tramadol, as well as possible serotonin release by tramadol, contributed to the development of SS in this case.

CONCLUSIONS: It is vital that clinicians are aware of the potential for SS when psychotropic and nonpsychotropic agents are coadministered to certain patients, such as those with both depression and chronic pain.

Key Words: mirtazapine, serotonin syndrome, tramadol, venlafaxine

Published Online, January 23, 2004. www.theannals.com, DOI 10.1345/aph.1D344

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. Hannan, Z. Hamzah, H. O. Akinpeloye, and D. Meagher Venlafaxine--mirtazapine combination in the treatment of persistent depressive illness J Psychopharmacol, March 1, 2007; 21(2): 161 - 164. [Abstract] [PDF]