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Director of Medical & Pharmacy Integration Services, Prime Therapeutics, LLC., Eagan, MN; Clinical Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Senior Clinical Pharmacist, Prime Therapeutics, LLC.
Associate Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco; Director, Clinical Pharmacy Management, CalOptima, San Franciso, CA
Reprints: Dr. Gleason, Prime Therapeutics, LLC., 1020 Discovery Rd., No. 100, Eagan, MN 55121-3497, fax 651/286-4409, pgleason{at}primetherapeutics.com
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review recent studies comprehensively assessing the impact of incentive-based multitier formularies on pharmaceutical costs and utilization.
DATA SOURCES: PubMed (2001-December 2003) was searched using the key terms formularies, cost-sharing, and drug costs.
STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies addressing the impact of implementing multitiered incentive-based formularies as a central component of an outpatient drug benefit were selected.
DATA SYNTHESIS: One study using pharmacy claims from 25 employers with data from 402 786 members modeled the range of anticipated plan/employer savings associated with single- to 3-tier shifts and found that, going from a single- to 3-tier benefit results in decreased plan/employer pharmaceutical costs from $650 to $494 (24% decrease) per member per year and decreased pharmaceutical utilization from 12.3 to 9.4 (23.6% decrease) prescriptions per member per year. Another study demonstrated that adding an additional tier decreased pharmaceutical utilization, with a dramatic increase in member contribution offsetting the plan's expected increase in expenditures. This shift in pharmaceutical expenditures appeared to have no effect on overall medical utilization over a 3-year follow-up. Finally, a study converting members from a single- to 3-tier incentive-based formulary, associated with two- to fourfold copayment increases, resulted in a 10% discontinuation rate for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, and proton-pump inhibitors among members who were primarily hourly employees. For salaried workers, the addition of a tier to their benefit appeared to have minimal impact on pharmaceutical utilization.
CONCLUSIONS: Emerging data suggest a potential inverse relationship between pharmaceutical utilization and incentive-based formularies that increase member contribution to drug costs. Future research should focus on identifying price points and percentage increases at which members are likely to begin discontinuing necessary medications.
Key Words: cost-sharing, drug utilization, formularies, managed care
Published Online, January 11, 2005. www.theannals.com, DOI 10.1345/aph.1E380
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