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TOXICOLOGY AND POISON CONTROL

High-Dose Insulin Therapy for Calcium-Channel Blocker Overdose

Clinical Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA

Wendy Klein-Schwartz, PharmD MPH

Associate Professor, Maryland Poison Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

Reprints: Dr. Shepherd, Clinical Pharmacy Program, 1120 15th St., CJ-1020, Augusta, GA 30912-0004, fax 706/721-9934, jshepherd{at}mcg.edu

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence for using high-dose insulin therapy with supplemental dextrose and potassium in calcium-channel blocker (CCB) overdose.

DATA SOURCES: Evidence of efficacy for high-dose insulin therapy with supplemental dextrose and potassium was sought by performing a search of MEDLINE and Toxline between 1966 and July 2004 using combinations of the terms calcium-channel blocker, overdose, poisoning, antidote, and insulin. Abstracts from the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology for the years 1996–2003 were also reviewed.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Identified articles, including animal studies, case reports, and case series, were evaluated for this review. No clinical trials were available.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Animal models of CCB overdose demonstrate that high-dose insulin with supplemental dextrose and potassium was a more effective therapy than calcium, glucagon, or catecholamines. High-dose insulin appears to enhance cardiac carbohydrate metabolism and has direct inotropic effects. Published clinical experience is limited to 13 case reports where insulin was used after other therapies were failing; 12 of these patients survived. High-dose insulin therapy was beneficial for CCB-induced hypotension, hyperglycemia, and metabolic acidosis. Bradycardia and heart block resolved in some patients, but persisted in others.

CONCLUSIONS: Based on animal data and limited human experience, as well as the inadequacies of available alternatives for patients with significant poisoning, high-dose insulin therapy warrants further study and judicious use in patients with life-threatening CCB poisoning.

Key Words: calcium-channel blocker overdose, insulin

Published Online, April 5, 2005. www.theannals.com, DOI 10.1345/aph.1E436

THIS ARTICLE IS APPROVED FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT
ACPE UNIVERSAL PROGRAM NUMBER: 407-000-05-017-H01

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