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PharmD Student, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Associate Professor (Clinical), Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Department of Family Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa
Reprints: Dr. Ernst, Department of Family Medicine/01291-A PFP, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, fax 319/384-7822, michael-ernst{at}uiowa.edu
OBJECTIVE: To review the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP).
DATA SOURCES: Biomedical literature was accessed through July 2006 via PubMed, the Iowa Drug Information System (IDIS), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus. PubMed database terms included Raynaud's disease, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers [pharmacological action]; IDIS terms included hypotensive agents-ace inhib 24080200, raynaud's syndrome 443.0, and hypotensive agents-angioten II 24080400; and CINAHL Plus terms included Raynaud's disease, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, losartan, and irbesartan.
STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All clinical trials published in English that reported both subjective and objective outcomes of efficacy were reviewed.
DATA SYNTHESIS: Several small, short-term studies have evaluated
captopril, enalapril, and losartan in the treatment of RP. The studies of ACE
inhibitors have found conflicting results in their ability to improve digit
blood flow and reduce both frequency and severity of RP attacks. Two studies
have focused on the use of losartan for RP treatment, with both finding a
statistically significant reduction in attacks and one showing improvement in
symptoms of RP in comparison with the commonly utilized calcium-channel
blocker, nifedipine. Most of the studies were short term (
12 wk) and
included a limited number of patients (<60).
CONCLUSIONS: ACE inhibitors and ARBs may provide some minor benefits in the relief of RP, although no definite evidence exists to suggest that they are superior to traditionally used treatments such as calcium-channel blockers. Larger, randomized controlled trials of longer duration are needed to compare the effectiveness of ACE inhibitors and ARBs with conventional treatment.
Key Words: angiotensin II receptor blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, Raynaud's phenomenon
Published Online, September 26, 2006. www.theannals.com, DOI 10.1345/aph.1H201
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