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FORMULARY FORUM

Role of Hydroxocobalamin in Acute Cyanide Poisoning

Clinical Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia; Associate Professor, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA

Larissa I Velez, MD

Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Staff Toxicologist, North Texas Poison Center, Dallas

Reprints: Dr. Shepherd, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th St., CJ-1020, Augusta, GA 30912, fax 706/721-3994, jshepherd{at}mcg.edu

OBJECTIVE: To review the recently approved cyanide antidote, hydroxocobalamin, and describe its role in therapy.

DATA SOURCES: Relevant publications were identified through a systematic search of PubMed using the MeSH terms and key words hydroxocobalamin and cyanide. This search was then limited to human studies published since 2000. Systematic searches were conducted through January 2008. References from identified articles were reviewed for additional pertinent human studies.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: The literature search retrieved 7 studies on the safety and/or efficacy of hydroxocobalamin in humans. Four new studies were identified by the search and 3 studies were identified from the references.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies of antidote efficacy in humans are ethically and logistically difficult. A preclinical study demonstrated that intravenous doses of hydroxocobalamin 5 g are well tolerated by volunteer subjects. Hydroxocobalamin has been shown to reduce cyanide concentrations in controlled studies of nitroprusside therapy and in heavy smokers. A retrospective study of 14 acute cyanide poisonings also demonstrated hydroxocobalamin's safety and efficacy. Two studies examining hydroxocobalamin for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning indicated a possible benefit, but they are insufficient to establish definitive criteria for use in this setting. Randomized controlled trials of hydroxocobalamin and traditional cyanide antidotes (nitrites/thiosulfate) are lacking.

CONCLUSIONS: Cyanide poisoning can rapidly cause death. Having an effective antidote readily available is essential for facilities that provide emergency care. In cases of cyanide ingestion, both the nitrite/thiosulfate combination and hydroxocobalamin are effective antidotes. Hydroxocobalamin offers an improved safety profile for children and pregnant women. Hydroxocobalamin also appears to have a better safety profile in the setting of cyanide poisoning in conjunction with smoke inhalation. However, current data are insufficient to recommend the empiric administration of hydroxocobalamin to all victims of smoke inhalation.

Key Words: antidote, cyanide, hydroxocobalamin, poisoning

Published Online, April 8, 2008. www.theannals.com, DOI 10.1345/aph.1K559

THIS ARTICLE IS APPROVED FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT
ACPE UNIVERSAL PROGRAM NUMBER: 407-000-08-008-H01

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. W. Cescon BSc MD and D. N. Juurlink MD PhD Discoloration of skin and urine after treatment with hydroxocobalamin for cyanide poisoning Can. Med. Assoc. J., January 20, 2009; 180(2): 251 - 251. [Full Text] [PDF]