QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Résumé Extracto Full Text PDF Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Articles Ahead of Print [Order Reprint] Google Scholar Articles by Chen, H. J Articles by Matson, A. W PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Chen, H. J Articles by Matson, A. W

DIABETES

Intensive Insulin Protocol Implementation and Outcomes in the Medical and Surgical Wards at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY

Douglas T Steinke, BSPharm MS PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington

Dennis G Karounos, MD

Physician, Medical Service, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center; College of Medicine, University of Kentucky

Matthew T Lane, PharmD BCPS

Clinical Coordinator, Department of Pharmacy, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Adrienne W Matson, PharmD BCPS

Clinical Pharmacist, Primary Care Service, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Reprints: Dr. Chen, Naval Medical Center San Diego—Inpatient Pharmacy, 34800 Bob Wilson Dr., Ste. 116, San Diego, CA 92134, fax 619/532-5675, helen.chen{at}med.navy.mil

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is an important marker for clinical outcomes and mortality in hospitalized patients. New national standards have been established emphasizing the importance of improving inpatient glycemic control in individuals with diabetes or new-onset hyperglycemia. Implementation of these new standards is complex and requires a multidisciplinary team approach. A basal-bolus insulin regimen approach has been shown to improve inpatient glycemic control. Few studies have been published regarding basal-bolus insulin protocol outcomes in the non-intensive care unit (ICU) setting.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a basal-bolus insulin protocol on inpatient glycemic control in a non-ICU setting, as measured by mean blood glucose and number of hypoglycemic episodes per patient admission.

METHODS: A retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted to compare blood glucose control pre- (October 2006-March 2007) and postprotocol (November 2007-January 2008) implementation. Inclusion criteria consisted of patient admission to a medical or surgical ward for at least 72 hours, with a diagnosis of diabetes, or presentation with 2 blood glucose readings greater than 180 mg/dL. Patients admitted to the ICU or those not admitted to a medical or surgical ward were excluded.

RESULTS: Following protocol implementation, the mean ± SD blood glucose level increased from 174 ± 88 mg/dL to 188 ± 95 mg/dL (p < 0.001) and the hypoglycemic incidents significantly decreased, from 1.11 to 0.51 events per patient admission (p < 0.0025).

CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, implementation of a basal-bolus insulin protocol significantly reduced hypoglycemic events; however, mean blood glucose values increased. These results suggest that a basal-bolus insulin protocol can reduce hypoglycemia; however, factors such as protocol compliance, barriers in overcoming the use of the traditional sliding scale insulin regimens, staff education, and change of work-flow habits can influence the overall efficacy and impact of a basal-bolus insulin protocol on inpatient glycemic control.

Key Words: blood glucose, clinical protocols, diabetes mellitus, insulin

Published Online, January 26, 2010. www.theannals.com, DOI 10.1345/aph.1M501